Showing posts with label 拉丁美洲. Show all posts
Showing posts with label 拉丁美洲. Show all posts

4/09/2013

殖民帝國的藝術火花 ——費城美術館展出胡伯夫妻收藏展

作者不詳 天使長聖米迦勒 油彩畫布 201×155cm 18世紀
蘿貝塔與李察.胡伯夫妻(Roberta and Richard Huber)多年來收藏17、18世紀西班牙及葡萄牙殖民地的藝術,現居於紐約的他們,擁有上百件大大小小的收藏品。本次在費城美術館的邀請之下,胡伯夫妻大方出借收藏,與民眾分享。特展「邁向新世界:蘿貝塔與李察.胡伯收藏之西班牙及葡萄牙殖民藝術」展出了繪畫、雕塑、家具、宗教器物等將近一百三十件來自中南美洲及亞洲的物品,其中許多展品為首次公開展示,實為難得。

●四十年的收藏史
胡伯夫妻結婚不久後,因為工作的關係搬到布宜諾斯艾利斯,在那裡住了五年。在一次機緣下,他們買了一件小巧的反繪玻璃畫,成為他們的第一件殖民藝術收藏,也展開了對於殖民藝術的興趣。之後,他們搬到巴西聖保羅十年,於該地接觸到象牙雕刻。由於聖保羅在殖民時期是貿易中心,因此他們更加了解殖民時期的貿易運作,而對於殖民藝術的熱情也愈來愈濃厚,原本集中於安地斯山區域的收藏焦點,也擴展到了葡萄牙的殖民地藝術。而日後搬遷到亞洲工作,更開始收藏來自印度、斯里蘭卡、菲律賓等西班牙及葡萄牙殖民地的作品。

「收藏是旅遊的一部分,」胡伯夫妻如此說,「最重要的,是搜尋的喜悅。」他們的收藏原則,是盡可能前往物品的原創地,因此沒有從美國藏購的作品。同時,他們也透過許多不同的藝術交易商,以取得各種不同的收藏。若提到選擇作品的原則,蘿貝塔說:「我們選擇自己覺得極美的作品。」李查也說:「我們買進了喜歡的作品,也回絕過很重要、但我們卻沒有那麼喜歡的作品。」因此,本次於特展「邁向新世界」展出的作品,可謂都是他們精挑細選的收藏。

●展現文化交流的藝術
自16世紀至19世紀,西班牙及葡萄牙在全球建立了廣大的殖民帝國,除了中南美洲外,亞洲也有大片土地在其統治之下,於是發展出聯絡歐、亞、美洲的貿易網路。各地的文化藝術不僅在貿易往來的過程中彼此交流,也發展出新的視覺語彙。歐洲的宗教習俗及形象被殖民地採用,不過當地的藝術家也融入了自身的傳統,例如南美洲的畫家在作品中描繪穿著該地織品的聖人及顯貴,而亞洲的藝術家則以象牙雕刻出具有東方特色的天主教人物,充分顯示出當時殖民帝國帶來的文化衝擊及匯聚。

走入「邁向新世界」展場,迎面而來的是來自祕魯庫茲科的18世紀油畫〈天使長聖米迦勒〉。聖米迦勒是教會的保護者,畫面中的他將撒旦踩在腳下,而背景中的許多小天使也同時擊敗一群惡魔。聖米迦勒的服飾有著一層層豐富的布料及法蘭德斯花邊,並別上寶石胸針,是西班牙統治下祕魯總督區對於天使的典型描繪。其中用以代表錦織的黃金蠟印,是當時於庫茲科藝術家間流行的技法。畫面中採用的明暗對比,也加強了作品意涵的傳遞。包括這件作品在內的掛滿了展場的油畫,大致可分為兩類。不論是如聖人、天使、聖經故事等的宗教繪畫,或是描繪皇室、貴族的世俗繪畫,都充滿著鮮豔的色彩,而畫面中也包含了各樣細節,透露出殖民地的交融特色。

右方的玻璃櫃中,放著許多象牙雕刻的聖像,其中包括聖安東尼、聖約翰、聖方濟及其他聖人。這些都是在菲律賓、印度及斯里蘭卡製作的雕像。當時的西方傳教士進入殖民地,為了向人民傳教並布置教堂,請當地的工藝師根據來自歐洲的原型,雕刻象牙雕像。因此,雖然這些聖像製作於亞洲,卻有著西方的面孔,以及洛可可式的台座。

至於左方的玻璃櫃中,則放滿了銀器。事實上,銀礦可謂促成殖民帝國的重要動機。1545年,西班牙人在南美洲發現了大量的銀礦,尤其是玻利維亞的銀礦資源豐富,大量開採的結果,使得這種在歐洲極為稀有的礦產,在南美洲卻是在普遍不過了。許多原本使用較為廉價的媒材製作的物品,很快地都以銀礦取代。由於銀器顯示了權威,而且極具功能性及裝飾性,因此天主教會成為銀器製作最大的委託者,也因此許多銀器都是燭台、聖杯等宗教器物。

展場中的家具也各具特色。胡伯夫妻收藏了木櫃、鏡框、寫字台等,其中十分引人注目的,是一個以殖民時期繪畫裝飾的木箱。這個箱子原本只有木頭的部分,之後,木箱的主人將四幅18世紀的繪畫裁剪至合適的尺寸,然後釘黏至木箱表面。箱子背面的繪畫描繪的是基督被綁於圓柱,兩側分別是聖方濟.沙勿略及聖母瑪利亞,而正面及上方則為聖羅克的畫像。

●享受收藏
被問及自己最喜歡的收藏,李查望著展場、歪著頭,想了三秒鐘後說:「很多人問我這個問題,不過這實在很難說。」他指向展場入口旁來自菲律賓的雕像〈天使長聖米迦勒〉,說道:「這件收藏之所以特別,是因為他完全由一塊象牙雕刻出來。」隨後,又轉向同名油畫〈天使長聖米迦勒〉,讚歎其鮮明的色彩。而貼銀的木頭雕像〈無玷成胎的聖母〉,也因其尺寸和細緻的製作進入他們的收藏。他表示:「每件收藏都有其特殊之處。我們想收藏自己喜歡的作品,這些都是擺掛在家裡的作品,你知道的,當我們吃完晚餐,喝一點酒、放鬆的時候,想要看著美好的物品。」

談到本次與費城美術館的合作,胡伯夫妻感到十分榮幸,他們表示:「很高興能夠有這樣的機會,透過這次費城美術館的展覽,我們也對於自己的收藏有更多的認識。」李查更開玩笑地說:「最棒的,是看到這些銀器都被擦亮了!」除了提供豐富的收藏於「邁向新世界」展出之外,胡伯夫妻也承諾捐贈一批繪畫,成為費城美術館的館藏。


(原刊載於《藝術收藏+設計》雜誌67期2013年4月號)

7/27/2012

All Art Is Local—An Interview with Luis Pérez-Oramas, the Chief Curator of the 30th São Paulo Biennial

Luis Pérez-Oramas (Photographed by Denise Adams)
Venezuelan-born Luis Pérez-Oramas is an art historian, a writer, and a poet. Graduated with a PhD in Art History from the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales in Paris, he has published six books on art and political criticism as well as curated art exhibitions extensively on the international platform. He currently lives in New York and holds the position of the Estrellita Brodsky Curator of Latin American Art at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) since 2006. Most recently, Pérez-Oramas has been assigned the chief curator of the 30th São Paulo Biennial, which runs from September 8th to December 9th, 2012. He is also responsible for selecting the Brazilian representation for the 2013 Venice Biennial. In this interview, Pérez-Oramas talks about his viewpoints on Latin American art and the 30th São Paulo Biennial.

Q: Interests towards Latin American art outside Latin American countries have had a significant growth over the past decade or so. How do you see this coming? Are there decisive causes for the growing interests?

Pérez-Oramas: I would stress different aspects regarding your question: A) There is a fact that since the early 1990s various mainstream art institutions in the North Atlantic region (US and Western Europe) have fostered their interests in both Latin American Modernism and Latin American Contemporary Art. Does this mean that there is a general tendency in the world to pay more attention to Latin American Art? I doubt it. What I want to emphasize is the fact that general opinion in art still remains highly dependent upon very few opinion builders and certainly dependent upon the “dominance” of some North Atlantic cultural institutions. B) There is a fact that Latin American studies has grown exponentially in the American academy, bringing and amplifying interests for Latin American culture generally. C) There is a fact that the “main players” in Latin America—Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Peru, Colombia—have seen political transitions from struggling historical circumstances to more or less open and democratic societies while enjoying economic growth allowing both transparency and international resonance for their cultural and artistic scenes. D) Finally, and not the least, it seems to be a general tendency amongst Latin American artists to conceive and think of their works vis-à-vis their own local traditions of modernity, reenforcing the strength of the insertion of their works within their own scenes as well as fostering a dialogue with international modern art. One thing is for sure that contributes to the richness of Latin American art today: our artists are extremely knowledgeable about European, American and international art, whereas American and European artists tend to ignore all traditions but theirs.

Q: What do you think are the distinguished features of Latin American art that most attract museums and collectors? What makes it different from art from other parts of the world?

Pérez-Oramas: Beyond the arguments that I have developed before, I think that Latin America arguably embodied one of the most rich and complex modern scenes in the world—one that has remained relatively overlooked until now. This strong and, for most European and American audiences, unknown modernity contributes to their interest as well as to the richness and complexity of Latin American contemporary art.

Q: As a curator, what do you try to present to people about Latin American art? Is there a goal that you are trying to reach as the curator of Latin American art at the MoMA?

Pérez-Oramas: I am not trying to present anything about Latin America in general. I avoid generalizations when it is possible to do so. I am interested in great art and great artists as well as in their meaningful presentation. At the MoMA, I am only one of the players among hundred of colleagues, and for sure I am not solely—not even by far— responsible for the Museum policies. I do my job at the MoMA by trying to advocate for the visibility of one of the most comprehensive Latin American Art collections in the world, which the MoMA began to gather since its very foundation in the early 1930s. I also play a role, alongside all curators at the MoMA, in the process of enriching and continuing that collection today.

Q: Can you explain the title of the 30th São Paulo Biennial “The Imminence of Poetics?” Does the title have special connection or significance to São Paulo?

Pérez-Oramas: I thought, alongside my co-curators for the São Paulo Biennial (Andre Severo, Tobi Maier, Isabela Villanueva), that the articulation of these two ideas—Imminence and Poetics—could offer us a strong motif rather than a theme, an axis for many questions rather than a manifesto-like slogan, and a frame of mind that could be rigorous rather than dogmatic for our selection process. It seems that art becomes more and more of a discoursive nature today—contemporary artists reject the modern idea of exceptional artistic languages and rather proclaim their art as a common, ordinary language; they comment in their works objective dimensions of our world. The question of Poetics is therefore key today: How does an expressive, discoursive strategy set up? Who “speaks” in contemporary art? To whom? What is the value of silence and discoursive disruptiveness? Etc. On the other hand, we all agree that our world is more and more unpredictable, and that our tools to understand future are useless, etc. Maybe art function today consists in accompanying us going through the experience of imminence: giving a formal shelter to what is about to happen and we don’t know...I think these are meaningful questions today, and they are certainly not restricted to São Paulo.

Q: Going through the list of artists presenting in the biennial, nearly half of the artists are of Latin American origin. Does it mean that the works of Latin American artists are generally more aligned to the theme? Are there any artists that you would like to mention in particular?

Pérez-Oramas: There has always, always been a significant representation of Latin American artists in the São Paulo Biennial. We are not going out of that standard. Our biennial is the most relevant artistic gathering in the Latin American continent and São Paulo has become a pole for contemporary art in the region. Beyond that fact, we do not expect Biennial artists to be “aligned” with a theme: there is no theme here; there is a motif, and a set of questions, and we do not expect the artists to answer them or to represent them or to do work after them, etc.

Q: You mentioned that the notions of “constellation” and “globalization” are also discussed in the biennial. In your opinion, is art from different parts of the world becoming more and more similar because of globalization? How do you see the place of Latin American artists in a globalized world?

Pérez-Oramas: I profoundly believe that all art is local. I also find extremely disturbing that art aligns itself with the idea that contemporary art is an international style. Contemporary art is not an international style since it only responds to a given experience of time from a given place in the world. Communication and exchange systems are becoming more and more global, meaning that they are more and more dependent of a limited set of apparatuses, which are, in contrast, more and more powerful in their reaching and information capabilities. Does this affect art? For sure it does. Does that mean that art should depend of the same limited set of apparatuses for its circulation and resonance? I doubt it. Art, in my opinion, has to resist against all trends that pretend to simplify our world.


(Originally published in《ART TAIPEI FORUM media》Vol.17, July 2012)

所有的藝術都是在地的——專訪第三十屆聖保羅雙年展總策展人路易斯.貝雷茲—歐拉馬斯

路易斯.貝雷茲—歐拉馬斯(攝影:Denise Adams)
出生於委內瑞拉的路易斯.貝雷茲—歐拉馬斯是一位藝術史學家、作家及詩人,於巴黎社會科學高等學院取得藝術史博士學位。他出版了六本藝術及政治批評的相關書籍,並在國際舞台上策劃過大量的藝術展覽。他目前居住於紐約,並於2006年至今擔任紐約現代美術館的拉丁美洲藝術策展人。近期,貝雷茲—歐拉馬斯受託為第三十屆聖保羅雙年展(2012年9月8日至12月9日)的總策展人,他也接下2013年威尼斯雙年展巴西館策展人的職位。本次專訪中,貝雷茲—歐拉馬斯談到對於拉丁美洲藝術及第三十屆聖保羅雙年展的想法。

問:過去的十年內,拉丁美洲以外的國家對於拉丁美洲藝術的興趣日漸提高,你如何看待這樣的現象?是否有任何關鍵性的因素造成這股興趣?

貝雷茲—歐拉馬斯:我要針對不同的面向來回答你的問題。一、自從1990年代初期,北大西洋地區(美國及西歐)的主流藝術機構確實培養了對於拉丁美洲現當代藝術的興趣。而這是否表示整個世界有著關注拉丁美洲藝術的傾向?我抱持懷疑的態度。我要強調的,是目前大眾對於藝術的普遍想法仍然取決於極少數的發言者,尤其受支配於一些北大西洋的文化機構。二、在美國的學術界,拉丁美洲研究確實以指數現象上升,普遍帶起並擴大對於拉丁美洲文化的興趣。三、拉丁美洲的「主要玩家」——巴西、墨西哥、阿根廷、智利、秘魯、哥倫比亞——陸續經歷了政治變遷,從掙扎的歷史情勢轉變為比較民主開放的社會,同時也享受經濟成長,使其文化藝術景象透明化、引起國際共鳴。四、最後,很重要的是拉丁美洲藝術家似乎普遍都將他們的作品想做自身所處當地現代化的對應,增加作品深入自身背景的強度,同時促進與國際現代藝術的對話。增加今日拉丁美洲藝術豐富度的因素,有一點可以確定的,是我們的藝術家對於歐美及國際的藝術都有十足的認識,相對於歐美藝術家僅在乎自身的傳統而忽略其他的傳統。

問:你認為拉丁美洲藝術最能吸引美術館與藏家的特色何在?有什麼讓它與世界其他地方的藝術不同?

貝雷茲—歐拉馬斯:在先前提道的因素之外,我認為拉丁美洲可被視為全球最豐富且複雜的現代景象的具體表現之一,並且在過去一直被忽略。這股強大且歐美觀眾未曾見過的現代化,帶起了他們的興趣,也增加了拉丁美洲當代藝術的豐富及複雜性。

問:身為策展人,你試著展現出拉丁美洲藝術的什麼面向?身為紐約現代美術館的拉丁美洲藝術策展人,你是否期望達到什麼目標?

貝雷茲—歐拉馬斯:我並不試著表現任何拉丁美洲的普遍特色,我盡可能地避免概括化。我有興趣的是好的作品及藝術家,以及他們呈現的意義。在紐約現代美術館,我只是眾多同事的其中之一,想當然也不是美術館的唯一決策者。紐約現代美術館在1930年代創館以來,便開始收集拉丁美洲藝術,成為全球最全面的拉丁美洲藝術收藏之一,我在此試著增加它的可見度,同時也與館內其他的策展人一起豐富這項收藏。

問:可以解釋第三十屆聖保羅雙年展的主題「詩學的迫切」嗎?這項主題是否對於聖保羅有特別的關聯與意義?

貝雷茲—歐拉馬斯:我與聖保羅雙年展的共同策展人(安得列.塞維羅、托比.麥耶、依莎貝拉.維拉努維娃)認為,「迫切」與「詩學」兩個概念的連結,可以提供一項有力的中心思想,而非一項題目;是許多問題的主軸,而非一句如宣言般的口號;是一個嚴密的思考架構,而非教條式的選擇過程。現今的藝術似乎愈來愈具有講述性——當代藝術家摒棄現代藝術為特殊語言的想法,反而聲稱自己的作品是普遍、平凡的語言,他們在作品中評論世界的客觀面。因此,「詩學」是今日的一個關鍵:如何設立起表達式的、講述性的策略?誰在當代藝術中「說話」?對誰說?安靜與講述分裂的價值在何處?等等。另一方面,我們都同意這個世界愈來愈不可預測,而我們用來了解未來的工具是無用的。也許今日的藝術功用是陪伴我們走過迫切的經歷:在我們未知的即將發生的事件,給予一個正式的避難處。我認為這些是現今重要的問題,它們當然也不只局限於聖保羅。

問:瀏覽雙年展中呈現的藝術家名單,其中大約半數都是拉丁美洲籍。這是否代表拉丁美洲藝術家普遍較與主題相合?是否有任何想特別提出的藝術家?

貝雷茲—歐拉馬斯:一直以來,聖保羅雙年展都有相當數量的拉丁美洲藝術家,而我們並不想改變這項原則。我們的雙年展是拉丁美洲最重大的藝術聚集,而聖保羅也已經成為這個區域的當代藝術指標。於此之外,我們並不期望參與雙年展的藝術家「符合」某個主題——這裡沒有主題,而是一個中心思想及一組問題,而我們並不期待藝術家來回答這些問題、來代表它們,或跟著它們創作……等等。

問:你提到雙年展中也討論「聚集」與「全球化」的概念。你認為世界各地的藝術是否因為全球化而愈來愈相似?在全球化的世界中,你如何定位拉丁美洲藝術家?

貝雷茲—歐拉馬斯:我深深相信所有的藝術都是在地的。對於藝術將自己與「當代藝術都是國際形式」的想法連結,我也感到十分不喜歡。當代藝術並不是國際形式,因為它只回應了世界某一地點與某一時刻的經驗。通訊與交流系統愈來愈全球化,代表它們愈來愈倚賴一組有限的設備,而這些設備則是在聯繫及資訊能力上愈來愈強大。這影響藝術了嗎?當然。這表示藝術必須倚賴同樣有限的設備來流通並引起共鳴嗎?我不認為。我認為藝術應該要抗拒所有看似要使我們的世界簡單化的潮流。


(原文刊載於《台北藝術論壇電子報》第17期2012年7月號)

1/25/2012

How Latin American Art Entered Global Market

Colombia artist Pedro Ruiz was presented in arteaméricas, a Latin American art fair.
Latin American art, which has caught more and more attention over the past decade, has grown steadily in its popularity in 2011. This past November, Christie’s Latin American art auction reached a total of 20 million USD. The top lot, Fernando Botero’s bronze sculpture Dancers (2007), was sold for 1.76 million USD, a record for the artist’s sculpture. Sotheby’s Latin American art auction in the same week reached a total of 17 million USD. The top lot, Rufino Tamayo’s painting Watermelon Slices (1950), was sold for 2.2 million USD. Also in November, the forum “Latin American Art in Global Collections” held by the Art Dealers Association of America, again, showed growing interests in the area. Meanwhile, museums have been putting on exhibits of Latin American art. Such popularity did not come out of nowhere. Instead, traces could be seen from different aspects over the past decade.

Auction Houses
Sotheby’s launched its first Latin American art auction in 1979, followed by Christie’s in 1981. At the time, however, Latin American art was generally considered a small branch of modern art. The lots at both auction houses covered works created by both Latin American artists and foreign artists traveling to the continent from a period of 17th to 21st century. In other words, the sales were a mix of arts and crafts of all kinds. Not until 1999 did Christie’s gather a group of geometric abstract works that narrowed down their Latin American art auction into more specific art. Sales grew over the next few years. 2008 was especially good with the two auction houses reaching a total of 71.5 million USD. A decline happened in 2009, when the total was down to 42.68 million USD. Nevertheless, the fact that Phillips de Pury & Company launched a new theme series of Latin American art, including painting, sculpture, design, and photography, in the fall of 2009 still illustrated its potential.

More significantly, Sotheby’s held a single-artist sale “Fernando Botero: Celebration” in their 2011 Latin American art spring auction, which was the first of its kind since the Joaquín Torres-Garcia auction in 1992. The market value of Botero was thus established despite the merely satisfying results. Interestingly, the top three lots of the auction all went to Asian collectors. They were Family (1972), a painting sold for 1.4 million USD, A Man on a Horse (1992), a bronze sculpture sold for more than 1.17 million USD, and Nude (1983), a painting sold for 0.63 million USD.

A few auction records for artists remain on the market right now include Frida Kahlo’s Root, sold for 5.6 million USD, Diego Rivera’s Baile en Tehuantepec, sold for 3.1 million USD, and Rufino Tamayo’s Trovador, sold for 7.2 million USD.

Art Fairs
Art Basel, one of the most prestigious art fairs, expanded to Miami in 2002. Being close to American collectors and having nice weather in the winter were certainly reasons why Miami was chosen. More importantly, however, was its accessibility to Latin America. “It was one of the founding principles to have access to the Latin American market, and to develop it in the process,” said Art Basel’s co-director Marc Spiegler, who called Miami “nexus for the Latin American elite.” Latin American art, in fact, did grow at the art fair in the past few years. Twenty-six Latin American galleries and hundreds of Latin American collectors participated in the fair in 2011, where both the exhibits and the forums were filled with Latin American flavor.

Also located in Miami is the Latin American art fair “arteaméricas” held every year in March. Founded in 2003, arteaméricas is one of the earliest and largest Latin American art fairs in the US. More than fifty galleries attended the fair last year. Just as Art Basel Miami, arteaméricas has developed various theme exhibits and forums to increase people’s understanding towards Latin American art.

The founding of PINTA, an art fair that focuses on modern and contemporary Latin American art, also reflects the need among European and American collectors. Getting into its fifth edition, PINTA is held every June and November respectively in London and New York. Participating galleries come from all over Europe, the US, and Latin America. Despite the short history of the fair, the artists presented include modern masters, such as Botero, Tamayo, and Wifredo Lam, significant movements, such as geometric abstraction and conceptual art, and young contemporary artists. Whether viewing from the perspective of art promotion or market need, the founding of these art fairs demonstrates the rise of Latin American art.


Latin American Collectors
Speaking of the rise of regional art, one important factor is the support of local collectors. With the economic growth, Latin American collectors have been increasing their collection and widening their scope. According to experts, Latin American collectors used to collect only works from their own country. Mary-Ann Martin, who set up the first Sotheby’s Latin American art auction, even once said, “At the beginning, I could look across the auction room and see which lots would go where.” Gladly, dealers of Latin American art have seen a change recently. Collectors, especially those from Venezuela, Uruguay, Argentina, and Brazil, are looking beyond nationality. While the older generation is still in favor of the masters of the 20th century, young collectors are more interested in the diversity of contemporary art.

Other than economic growth, globalization also contributes to the rise and transformation of Latin American art collecting. In the age of global traveling, collectors have access to more variety of art than ever, which develops a diversified taste in them. On the other hand, Latin American art itself comes out of a diversified culture. Being able to attract collectors of different tastes is, thus, not surprising.


Museums
Needless to say, the value of an artwork is judged not only by its market price, but also by the affirmation from the academia. Museums have been putting on Latin American art exhibitions over the past few years. Among them was “Inverted Utopias: Avant-Garde Art in Latin America” held in 2004 by the Museum of Fine Art, Houston, one of the foremost museums in promoting Latin American art. Exhibiting works from the 1920s to the 1930s and from the 1960s to the 1970s, it aimed to break the stereotype people had towards Latin American art. In 2007, the museum collected a group of Brazil Constructivist artworks and put on an exhibition “Dimensions of Constructive Art in Brazil” to illustrate how the movement interacted with Europe and the US in the same period. Geometric abstract paintings, drawings, posters, and graphics of post-war Brazil, an important period of Brazil’s modernization, were exhibited in the show. Great masters certainly are not absent from museums. Now through May 2012, the MoMA puts on an exhibition of Diego Rivera’s portable murals, which he created for the MoMA in 1931. Both English and Spanish are presented in the wall texts, which show the museum’s effort to widen their audience.


Diversified Presentation
Latin America covers an area of more than twenty countries, with two languages and hundreds of dialects. Its cultural diversity brings a unique environment for creating art. Both the academia and the market have seen the significance of Latin American art in a global art conversation over the past decade, which definitely contributes to the rise and growth of Latin American art.


(Originally published in《ART TAIPEI FORUM media》Vol.12, January 2012)

拉丁美洲如何進入國際藝術市場版圖

哥倫比亞藝術家Pedro Ruiz的作品於拉丁美洲藝術博覽會「arteaméricas」展出
受到愈來愈多注目的拉丁美洲藝術,在2011年有著熱度繼續爬升的現象。11月中,佳士得拉丁美洲藝術拍賣以近2000萬美金收場,其中哥倫比亞藝術家波特羅(Fernando Botero)的銅雕作品〈舞者〉(2007)以逾176萬美金拍出,不僅是該場最高價的作品,也創了波特羅的雕塑拍賣紀錄。緊接著,蘇富比拉丁美洲藝術拍賣總成交額也達到1700萬美金,最高價者為墨西哥藝術家塔馬約(Rufino Tamayo)的畫作〈西瓜切片〉(1950),以220萬美金成交。而美國藝術商協會於11月舉辦的「全球收藏中的拉丁美洲藝術」論壇,聚焦於現當代拉丁美洲藝術博覽會「PINTA」,更說明了市場對於這一區塊的重視。除此之外,數間美術館也相繼推出拉丁美洲相關展覽。這股熱潮自然不是短時間興起的,而在過去十幾年間各方面都有跡可循。

●拍賣公司推介
蘇富比於1979年舉辦了第一場拉丁美洲藝術拍賣,而佳士得也於1981年跟進。不過,早期的拉丁美洲藝術多被歸為現代藝術的一小支,而拍品則涵蓋了17世紀至21世紀拉丁美洲藝術家或旅遊至該處的外國藝術家的作品,換句話說,拍品的內容十分混雜。直到1999年,佳士得集合了一組幾何抽象作品,才使拉丁美洲藝術的拍賣漸趨專門化。接下來的幾年間,拉丁美洲藝術的拍賣情況持續成長,到了2008年是一個高峰,兩家拍賣公司一年下來的總共累積了7150萬美金的成交額。2009年的情況稍微下滑,兩家拍賣公司成交額總共為4268萬美金。雖然如此,Phillips de Pury & Company拍賣公司卻於2009年秋季開始,將拉丁美洲藝術分出為當代藝術的一個主題,推出繪畫、雕塑、設計、攝影等作品,也可看出潛在的發展性。

2011年,蘇富比更在拉丁美洲藝術春季拍賣中,安排了單一藝術家的場次「費南多.波特羅:慶祝」。這是自1992年托勒斯—加西亞(Joaquín Torres-Garcia)的拍賣以來,第一場單一拉丁美洲藝術家的拍賣,雖然結果並未令人驚豔,不過就拍賣公司願意舉辦單一藝術家拍賣的這點看來,仍舊反映了波特羅的市場地位。有趣的,是該場拍賣的三件最高價成交作品,皆由亞洲藏家購得,分別為繪畫〈家庭〉(1972)以近140萬美金成交、銅雕〈騎馬者〉(1992)以逾117萬美金成交,以及繪畫〈裸女〉(1983)以大約63萬美金成交。

總的來說,目前拉丁美洲藝術在拍賣市場上的幾項紀錄,包括卡蘿(Frida Kahlo)〈根〉的560萬美金、里維拉(Diego Rivera)〈特萬特佩克之舞〉的310萬美金,以及塔馬約〈吟遊詩人〉的720萬美金,皆是藝術家本人的拍賣紀錄。

●藝術博覽會的聚焦
全球聲望最高的藝術博覽會之一的巴塞爾藝術博覽會,於2002年擴展至美國邁阿密,原因除了接近美國藏家、冬天陽光普照之外,自然也是因為邁阿密的地理位置靠近拉丁美洲。稱邁阿密為「拉丁美洲菁英份子連結點」的博覽會總監史皮革勒(Marc Spiegler)曾表示:「能夠有機會接近拉丁美洲,並發展這一個區塊,是邁阿密巴塞爾藝術博覽會的創立原則之一。」在過去的幾年之間,拉丁美洲藝術也確實在博覽會中蓬勃發展,直到2011年第十屆邁阿密巴塞爾藝術博覽會,已有二十六家拉丁美洲藝廊參展,以及上百位拉丁美洲藏家前往觀展,不論是展覽或博覽會期間的座談,都充滿了濃濃的拉丁美洲味。

同樣位於邁阿密的,尚有每年3月舉辦的拉丁美洲藝術博覽會「arteaméricas」。2003年創立的「arteaméricas」,可謂美國最早、最具規模的拉丁美洲藝術博覽會之一。剛結束的第九屆博覽會,有五十幾間藝廊參展,除了藝廊展區之外,此博覽會也如同巴塞爾藝術博覽會一般,設計了各種主題展區及論壇等活動,自然促進了觀眾對於拉丁美洲藝術的認識。

另一項聚焦於拉丁美洲現當代藝術的博覽會「PINTA」的創立,也說明了歐美藏家對於此一區塊的需求。即將進入第五屆的「PINTA」,每年6月及11月分別在倫敦及紐約舉辦,參展畫廊不僅來自歐美,也來自拉丁美洲各大城市。雖然會齡尚淺,不過展出藝術家涵蓋了波特羅、塔馬約、林飛龍等現代大師、幾何抽象及觀念藝術等重要流派,以及年輕的當代藝術家。無論是以推廣或市場需求的角度來看,這些博覽會的設立及舉辦都反映了拉丁美洲藝術受歡迎程度的日漸提昇。

●拉丁美洲藏家的支持
其實說道區域性藝術的興起,最重要的因素之一,還是該地藏家的支持。拜拉丁美洲經濟成長之賜,近年來,拉丁美洲藏家的收藏愈來愈多,範圍也愈來愈廣。根據專家的觀察,以往拉丁美洲藏家多半只收藏自己國家的作品,創立第一場蘇富比拉丁美洲藝術拍賣的瑪莉—安.馬丁(Mary-Ann Martin)甚至說道:「一開始,我只要環顧拍賣會場一周,就可以預測出哪件拍品會落到何處。」不過,多間經營拉丁美洲藝術的藝廊都表示,這樣的情況已有顯著的改變,並點出委內瑞拉、烏拉圭、阿根廷、巴西等國的藏家特別不受到藝術家國籍的影響。在收藏喜好上,老一輩的藏家多半仍舊偏好20世紀的經典藝術家,年輕一輩的藏家則對於多元的當代藝術有較高的興趣。

促成拉丁美洲藝術收藏興趣的提高及改變,原因除了經濟成長之外,全球化的影響也功不可沒。在旅遊盛行的時代,藏家接觸了各種不同的藝術,也因此在喜好上也更多樣化。而拉丁美洲藝術本身就是十分多樣化的結合,能夠吸引各種喜好的藏家也不令人意外。

●美術館的肯定
當然,要評估一件作品的長久價值,光看市場上的表現是不夠的,最終還是要有學術上的肯定。過去的幾年間,不少美術館推出拉丁美洲藝術相關展覽,其中,休士頓美術館算是較早開始關注拉丁美洲現當代藝術的美術館之一,並推出了幾項重要展覽。2004年的「顛倒烏托邦:拉丁美洲的前衛藝術」,主要展出1920年代至1930年代及1960年代至1970年代的作品,突顯拉丁美洲藝術與傳統想法中的差別。2007年,休士頓美術館收購一組巴西構成藝術作品,並推出特展「巴西構成藝術的維度」,展出巴西二戰之後——同時是巴西現代化重要階段——的幾何抽象繪畫、素描、海報、圖象等作品,說明此處與歐洲、北美同時期運動的異同。經典大師的作品自然不會在美術館中缺席,2011年11月中,紐約現代美術館舉辦了里維拉的特展,呈現他於1931年為紐約現代美術館創作的一組「移動壁畫」,展覽中的文字說明皆有英文及西班牙文雙語,可看出美術館欲擴大觀眾族群的目標。

●多樣性的呈現
拉丁美洲涵蓋了二十幾個國家、兩種官方語言及上百種方言,其文化的多樣性激盪出獨特的創作環境。過去的十幾年間,不管是學術機構或市場,都愈發感受到拉丁美洲藝術在全球的藝術對話中不可或缺的重要性,也因此促成一股持續成長的熱潮。


(原文刊載於《台北藝術論壇電子報》第12期2012年1月號)

8/04/2011

不斷失敗、不斷嘗試——紐約現代美術館特展「法蘭西斯.艾利斯:欺騙的故事」

艾利斯 無題(當信心移山) 2002 攝影 20.3×25.1cm 紐約現代美術館藏 © 2011 Francis Alÿs
愛爾蘭荒謬劇作家山繆.貝克特(Samuel Beckett)曾寫道:「嘗試過。失敗過。沒關係。再嘗試。再失敗。失敗得更好。」如此表達人類對於遙不可及事物之追求慾望的概念,正符合比利時藝術家法蘭西斯.艾利斯(Francis Alÿs, 1959-)的創作核心,也是近期紐約現代美術館推出的特展「法蘭西斯.艾利斯:欺騙的故事」的展名的極佳表述。此展匯集了艾利斯1990年代中期至今的作品,包含繪畫、攝影、錄像、裝置,以及行為藝術的準備與紀錄文件等,大部分取自紐約現代美術館的館藏,展場則大規模涵蓋紐約現代美術館正館及分館PS1。

●追求烏托邦
艾利斯曾在威尼斯學習建築,他於1986年搬到墨西哥城後,便一直在此居住創作,也因此,他的作品多與拉丁美洲的社會發展及問題相關,包括都市生活、經濟生態,與現代化進程等各項議題。

位於正館的展區,以現代美術館近期收藏的三件作品為主軸,分別是〈重演〉、〈當信心移山〉及〈預演I〉(1999-2001)。〈重演〉是艾利斯於2001年在墨西哥城進行的行為作品。他購買了9釐米的貝瑞塔手槍,拿在手上並在城裡走逛,11分鐘後被警察逮捕之後被釋放,隔天,他在墨西哥官方的配合下又重覆一次同樣的行為。在美術館的展出中,兩段錄像並行呈現,以突顯真實與虛構的模糊界線,也同時探討墨西哥的社會安全問題。〈當信心移山〉則是由五百人共同完成的浩大工程,在這件為2002年利馬雙年展創作的作品中,艾利斯請自願者們以鏟子將一座550呎長的沙丘向旁邊移動4吋,如此大型的合作過程,點出了社會運動成效的問題,強調大規模的努力可能與成果不成比例。〈預演I〉則是在墨西哥提華納的一個山坡拍攝的影片,畫面中,一輛紅色的小轎車朝著山坡上開,汽車駕駛聽著錄製好的墨西哥樂團音樂,當音樂進行時,車就往上開,音樂停止時,車就放空並往下滑,在不斷重覆的上坡與下滑過程中,也傳達了一直達不到目的地的挫折感,然而,在熱鬧的音樂及旁人的笑聲的陪襯下,這個挫折的過程似乎又帶了一層詼諧。在作品呈現上,這三件作品都包含了最初的概念及計畫文件、實際的行動、錄像紀錄及相關文件等。

除此之外,令人印象深刻的作品尚有錄像〈龍捲風〉,艾利斯於2000年至2010年間,拍攝每年侵襲墨西哥城南邊的龍捲風,他拿著攝影機,試著衝向龍捲風眼,這件作品便是多年影片的剪輯,緊湊的步調呈現了龍捲風的強度,而龍捲風眼即象徵了一種永遠無法到達的神聖境界,以暗示對於烏托邦的追求失敗、秩序與混亂之間的失衡,以及人類不斷嘗試的傾向,即使後果可想而知也無可改變。另外,〈達達狀態〉(2000-10)是分布在牆面的卅件小型繪畫,而〈睡眠時間〉(1996-)則由一百餘件小型繪畫組成,這些作品都被艾利斯不停地重新修改,以呈現想法發展的過程。

●克服分離感
位於PS1的展區的作品,則顯示了艾利斯的創作地點遍布世界各城。與展覽同名的作品〈欺騙的故事〉(2003-6)為16釐米影片,畫面中的公路如海市蜃樓般隱約浮現,同樣傳達了一種追尋虛幻或遙不可及事物的概念,這樣的思維可謂不斷地出現在艾利斯的作品中。

〈現代行進〉是對於紐約現代美術館特別有意義的作品。當現代美術館本館於2002年進行整修而暫時遷移至皇后區臨時展館時,館方及紐約公共藝術基金委託艾利斯創作作品,於是他籌畫了一場如同宗教行進般的「現代行進」。6月23日當天,艾利斯、樂手及一群參與者如同抬著聖像般地將藝術家奇奇.史密斯從現代美術館本館抬到臨時展館,而其他數件鎮館之寶也以同樣的方式抬送過去,包括畢卡索、杜象、傑可梅第等藝術家的作品,整個過程就有如神聖的宗教儀式,也讓美術館作品的運送成為公開的過程。在本次展覽中,除了錄像之外,也展出了策畫文件,清楚地呈現了艾利斯的思路。而此展覽跨越兩個場地,某部分來說也是受到此作的啟發。

〈二重奏〉則是1999年威尼斯雙年展時進行的作品,概念來自於柏拉圖對於性別起源的說法:世界開始之初,人類是雌雄合體,有兩張臉、四隻手、四隻腳及兩種性徵,由於人類聯合的力量太強大而激怒了眾神,宙斯便將人類一分為二以減少他們的力量,再將他們送往不同的方向,自此開始,人類便花上一輩子的時間尋找自己的另一半。從這美麗的故事出發,艾利斯於雙年展時坐火車到達威尼斯,他的藝術家朋友翁諾爾多(Honoré d’O)則坐飛機到達,兩人各背著半截的低音號,在迷宮般的街道中穿梭三天後,兩人終於相見並將低音號組合起來。這件作品充分地表達了艾利斯對於疏遠或錯置的兩者進行和解的探索。

在倫敦創作的〈守衛〉有著類似的表現形式,錄像中的六十四位皇家守衛從不同的街道進入倫敦,彼此碰面後便一起行進,直到全部的守衛聚集在一起。透過這件作品,艾利斯欲傳達個體在社會中尋找團體歸屬的傾向。這些在大城市創作的作品,皆帶有失聯、破碎、錯置的氛圍,同時也企圖克服這種分離感。

●嚴肅並詼諧
「法蘭西斯.艾利斯:欺騙的故事」呈現了艾利斯廣泛的創作範圍,他的作品不僅在媒材上多變,在形式上從簡單到複雜,在規模上也從一人獨立完成到數百人合作完成。在充滿詩性及寓意的手法下,對於嚴肅社會與政治議題的探討也帶了些許詼諧。而身為比利時藝術家,艾利斯十分清楚自己在拉丁美洲的「局外人」身分,或許在創作上也更加強了作品的疏離感。「法蘭西斯.艾利斯:欺騙的故事」展至8月1日。


(原文刊載於《藝術家》雜誌435期2011年8月號)